Erik I Ejegod _____

Andre Begivenheder og Egenskaber:

• Ane-nr.: BD note

Notater:

Erik I Ejegod was born circa 1056 in Slangerup. He was the King (Kong)of Denmark between 1095-1103, and is of the House of Estrid. He wasmarried to Bodil Thorgunnasdatter (Thrugotsdatter), who became the Queen(Droning) of Danmark. Erik and his wife Bodil undertook a pilgrimage toPalestine (Israel) in 1103. Erik died of fever on July 10, 1103 inPaphos, Cypris, and was buried there. Bodil completed the journey toPalestine, where she died in 1103 and was buried in St. Maria Church,Josafat's Valley.

Erik had two sons born out-of-wedlock: 1) Harald Kesja (1080-1135), laterCo-Regent (Medkonge) over Jylland. 2) Erik Emune (died 1137), later Kingof Denmark between 1134-1137.

This database researched and compiled by Norman Lee Madsen, Toronto,Ontario, copyright 2006.

Erik blev gift med Out-of-wedlock. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

1. Harald Kesja _____ blev født i 1080 i Danmark; døde i 1135 i Murdered aboard a ship in Vejle, Danmark.

Erik blev gift med Out-of-wedlock. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

1. Erik Emune _____ blev født før 1103 i Danmark; døde i 1137 i Duchy of Schleswig (Deutschland).

Erik blev gift med Bodil Thorgunnasdatter før 1086 i Danmark. Bodil blev født cirka 1070 i Danmark; døde i 1103 i Palestine (Israel); blev begravet i 1103 i St. Maria Church, Josafat's (Israel). [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

1. Knud Lavard _____ blev født i 1096 i Roskilde, Sjælland, Danmark; døde den 7 jan. 1131 i Haraldsted Skov, Sjælland, Danmark.

Andre Begivenheder og Egenskaber:

• Ane-nr.: G1 d-note

Notater:

Succeeded Magnus 'the Good' to the throne in 1047. Svend had to fightagainst King Harald Haardraade of Norway in order to keep his throne.During his reign the church became a dominant factor in Denmark. AfterKing Svend Estridsen's death in 1074, Denmark is from time to time splitbetween his sons. The "Thing" (roughly: Parliament) in Skåne supportsKnud den Hellige ("the Holy") against whom the Jutes revolt in 1086 andKing Knud is murdered.

Svend II Estridsøn f. omk 1019 (Danmarks konger og droninger af KayNielsen), Titel: Konge af Danmark, g. (1) Gunhild, g. (2) Gyde, g. (3)- -1068 (Danmarks konger og droninger af Kay Nielsen), ThoraThorbergsdatter (Arnung), g. (4) Ellisef, og Friller til SvendEstridsøn. Svend døde 28-04-1074, Søderup i Sønderjylland (Danmarkskonger og droninger af Kay Nielsen), begravet: Trefoldighedskirken iRoskilde. Konge af Danmark 1047 - 1074 Skilt fra Gunhild på grund af fornært slægtsskab (Biskoppen af Bremen).

Svend Estridsen er den enete danske konge, der er opkaldt efter sin mor.Dette utvivlsomt fordi hun som søster til Knud den Store gav Svendarveret til den danske trone. Blev født i England og fik som kristentdåbsnavn Magnus. Han voksede op i England, til trods for, at hans farUlf i 1024 blev sendt til Danmark som kong Knuds jarl. I 1026overvintrede Knud hos Ulf Jarl i Roskilde. Det kom til et opgør, og Knudlod sin svoger dræbe.

Ifølge Adam af Bremen skal Svend som ung have gjort tjeneste hos densvenske kong Arnund Jacob i samfulde 12 år. Det kan næppe være rigtigt iden forstand, at Svend var i Sverige så længe uden afbrydelser, da hanifølge andre kilder jævnligt var i kamp med Magnus den Gode fra 1042-47og derefter med Harald Haarderaade frem til 1050. Under disse kampe kanSvend "saa tit han blev besejret" have søgt tilflugt hos den svenskekonge.

Omend med besvær, og stadig truet af Harald Hårderåde, blev SvendEstridsen omsider konge over et rige, der omfattede Sønderjylland (ihvert fald til Slien), Nørrejylland, Fyn, Sjælland og øerne, samt Skåne,Halland og muligvis Bornholm. Det sidste slag mellem Svend og HaraldHårderåde udkæmpedes til søs i 1062. De norrøne skjalde besang siden kongHaralds sejr; men den fulgtes et par år efter af en fredsslutning, somskulle blive varig. Begge konger skulle beholde de lande, de nu havde.Dette kan have passet svenskerne godt, eftersom et samlet dansk-norskrige kunne true svensk selvstændighed.

Fred i riget, men ikke fred på den private front. Tidligt blev Svend giftmed en norsk jarledatter, Gunhild. Hun fødte en søn, som også blev kaldtSvend; men han døde som ung. Om ægteskabet med Gunhild skriver Adam fraBremen, at Svend i overmod tog en blodsbeslægtet til hustru. Dette varkorrekt: Gunhild var oldebarn af af Svends mormor, Svend Tveskægsdronning Gunhild, i dennes første ægteskab med den svenske kong ErikSejrsæl. Et sådant ægteskab var ugyldigt efter kirkeretten. Følgeligkræver ærkebiskop Adalbert af Hamburg-
Bremen ægteskabet opløst under trussel om bandlysning af kongen, somifølge Adam bliver rasende og truer med at hærge Hamburg. Pave Leo 9.intervenerede, og Svend Estridsen opgav sit ægteskab - indgik aldrigsiden et nyt. Men fik med flere forskellige kvinder mange børn.

Det fremgår af Adams værk, at han i vid udstrækning har ladet sig belæreaf kongen, såvel vedrørende danernes historie, som om tilstande ogtildragelser blandt fjerntboende folkeslag. Svend roses for at haveudbredt kristendommen, og har således været åndeligt veludrustet til sinrolle i det storpolitiske spil imellem de tre magtfaktorer: paven,kejseren og ærkebiskoppen af Hamburg-Bremen. "Boglige kundskaber" kanmeget vel betyde, at kong Svend har kunnet læse, hvad Sven Aggesen ogsåsynes at bekræfte. Det har nok været usædvanligt for datidens verdslige,og dermed også konger; hvorfor det fremhæves af Adam, Sven Aggesen ogpaven.

Svend Estridsens regering er kildemæssigt en dunkel periode. Adam afBremens beretning og nogle pavebreve er stort set de eneste lyspunkter.

Svend var konge i Danmark fra 1047 til 1074. Han havde mangebesværligheder i sin tidligste ungdom, idet Olav den Helliges søn, Magnusden Gode, der 12 år gammel var blevet konge i Norge i 1036, efter kongHardeknuds død i 1042 tog magten i Danmark.

Svend var opdraget først hos kong Anund Jacob i Sverige og siden iEngland, og efter tilbagekomst til Danmark blev han jarl under Hardeknud(1018-42) og Magnus den Gode (1024-1047).

Han kæmpede en del mod den norske Magnus der havde erobret tronen, menblev ustandselig slået. Men så dør Magnus pludselig i 1047 kun 24 årgammel - det siges, at han styrter med sin hest - og Svend bliver nuvalgt til konge. Han hjalp kirken med at få et solidt fodfæste i landet.Han prøvede at få landet fri af Bremer-kirkens overhøjhed, men detlykkedes ikke, uanset en del af biskopperne var engelske.

Danmark blev hjemsøgt af den norske kong Harald, og ved slaget iNisselven i Halland 1062 blev Svend slået, dog uden at Harald fik nogetud af det. I England prøvede Svend flere generobrings-togter, men udenstørre held.

Hans privatliv var var en saga for sig. S. Otto Brenner opregner i sitværk: 'Nachkommen Gorms des Alten' ialt 18 børn, såvel drenge som piger,og vi ved, at 5 af drengene bliver konger.

Han dør i Søderup 'efter afholdt velbesøgt ting', antagelig sønderjysklandsting på det nærliggende Urnehoved. Han var en intilligent ogvidende mand - at dømme efter Adam af Bremens interview omkring 1070.

(Kilde: Dahl & Engelstoft: Dansk Biografisk Håndleksikon. 1920-26)
(Kilde: Salmonsens Konversations Leksikon, 2' udg. 1915-1930)
(Kilde: H V Gregersen: Toldsted ved Hærvejen. 1978)
(Henv.: Gregersen -> Knytlingasaga)
(Henv.: Gregersen -> Saxo)
(Kilde: O.H. Toftegaards samling)

Fra Steen Thomsens database dec 1997

Andre Begivenheder og Egenskaber:

• Beskæftigelse: Viceroy (Statholder) of D
• Ane-nr.: G1/G2 d-not

Notater:

Ulf nævnes først som jarl i England. I 1022 var Thorkil den Høje af kongKnud den Store gjort til statholder i Danmark, men han døde allerede ca.1024, hvorefter Knud ca. 1025 gjorde Ulf til statholder med bopæl iRoskilde, medens Knud den Store opholdt sig i England.

I slaget ved Helgeå tidligt i 1026 med Olav den Hellige af Norge og AnundJacob af Sverige var det ved at gå galt for Knud, men han fik bragt ordeni sin flåde, da Ulf jarl kom til med sine skibe. Knud overvintredederefter 1026 i Roskilde hos Ulf og halvsøsteren, og over et parti skakkom det til et skænderi vedrørende ansvaret for den uheldige kamp vedHelgeå, og kongen gav næste dag en af sine mænd ordre til at dræbe Ulf,ligegyldigt hvor han fandt ham. Det skete i Hellige Trefoldighedskirkenskor. (Roskilde Domkirke)

Knud måtte senere sone mordet med mandebod til sin søster - ogselvfølgelig også til kirken, der var blevet vanhelliget ved denne udåd.

Estrid Svendsdatter lod den første danske stenkirke bygge. Det var iRoskilde, hvor kirken opførtes i frådsten omkring 1030. Hun opførtekirken til minde om sin myrdede gemal Ulf Jarl. Kirken afløste dentrækirke hendes far, Svend Tveskæg, havde opført øst for kongsgården iRoskilde, der hvor Roskilde Domkirke nu ligger. Formentlig kun gift meden af de to første mænd

This database researched and compiled by Norman Lee Madsen, Toronto,Ontario, copyright 2006.

Ulf blev gift med Estrid Svendsdatter i 1018 i Roskilde Cathedral, Sjælland. Estrid (datter af Svend I Tveskæg _____ og Sigrid Storraada _____, of Götaland) blev født cirka 998 i Roskilde, Sjælland, Danmark; døde den 9 maj 1074 i Roskilde, Sjælland, Danmark; blev begravet i 1074 i Roskilde Cathedral, Sjælland. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Andre Begivenheder og Egenskaber:

• Ane-nr.: G1/G2

Andre Begivenheder og Egenskaber:

• Ane-nr.: G1

Thorgils blev gift med Sigrid _____. Sigrid blev født før 975; døde efter 1001. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Andre Begivenheder og Egenskaber:

• Ane-nr.: G1 d-note

Notater:

Svend Tveskæg (aka Swegn/Swein Forkbeard) was king of Denmark afterhaving defeated his father, Harald Blaatand, in 986, and remained theking of Denmark through to his death in 1014. Whether Svend is the sonof Queen Tove or, more probably, one of Harald Blaatand's many mistressesis not known. For a time in his youth he is said to have lived with hissister Gunhild, and her husband Palnig/Palne Toke, in the the territorythat the Danes held in England.

Svend had imported clergymen and monks from England. Svend was lookedupon unfavourably by the Church in Rome, due to his strong resistance tothe German Bremer Church. This must have stemmed from the fact that hehad issued letters to the Bishops in Aarhus, Ribe, Schleswig, and Odense,confuring on them the right to extend their influence into what was thenGerman territory! However, the Bremer Church collapsed after the deathof its powerful archbishop, Adaldag, in 988. The Bishop of Ribe,Odinkar, was a relative of the royal family. He had been educated inEngland, France, and also in Bremen. He was very competent, and managedto gather all the Danish bishops under his churchly domain.

Svend had ambitions to conquer England, and thus spent a great deal oftime, and energy, there early in his reign. However, he was forced tocome back to Denmark in order to deal with political differences withKing Olav Trygvesen of Norway. Legend states that his was the result ofa personal dispute between his wife Sigrid and the Norwegian king.

This dispute ended in 1000 when Svend united with the fleets of Earl(Jarl) Erik, of Norway, and of King Olof, of Sweden, at the "Battle ofSvold". It is not known for certain where the battle was held, possiblyit was located near Rügen or maybe at Hven in the Øresund. Togethertheir forces defeated the Norwegian fleet, and King Olav himself waskilled. After defeating the Norwegian king, Svend made himself the kingof Norway.

Now he could turn his attention back to England. It appears that he usedthe Viking fortresses of Trellesborg, Fyrkat, Nonnebakken, and Aggersborgas bases for his forays to England. After many battles with the Englishthe Vikings demanded ever increasing bribes from the English king toleave them in peace. This culminated in 1005-1006 with the enormousbribe of about 10 tons of silver. By 1013 Svend had conquered much ofEngland; although he only reigned over that territory for two years. Heis known in English lore as "Swein Forkbeard".

Alfred the Great is recognised as the first king of all England, butoften wrongly presented as such from 871. However, he did notsuccessfully beat the Vikings before 895. Svend was in control of theEngland during 1013-1014. He is the father of Knud den Store (aka Canutethe Great), the first to really unit England as one kingdom. Vikings hadlarge areas under their control, gaining and lossing some, until Knudmanaged to gain full control in 1016.

Svend was first married to Gunhild of the Vends. Gunhild was exiled toPoland by Svend Tveskæg to the advantage of Sigrid Storråda; she wasbrought back to Denmark again by her son after Svend Tveskæg's death.Svend very likely also had a number of mistresses.


This database researched and compiled by Norman Lee Madsen, Toronto,Ontario, copyright 2006.

Svend blev gift med Sigrid Storraada _____, of Götaland cirka 995. Sigrid (datter af Toste _____) blev født før 965 i Götaland region, Sverige; døde før 1013 i Roskilde, Sjælland, Danmark. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Andre Begivenheder og Egenskaber:

• Ane-nr.: G1 note

Notater:

Sigrud Tostesdatter, known as "Sigrid Storraada", was the daughter of aswedish nobleman and viking chief named Toste, known as "Skogul-Toste".Storråda can be translated to as: haughty, powerful, or bawdy. She wasfirst married to Erik VII Segersäll, the king of Sweden, who died circa994/995.

Little is known of her outside of what was written of her in the oldnordic sagas; and the stories surrounding her were probably highlyembroidered. It is said that circa 995 she had two of her admirers,Harald Grænske and Vsevold of Kiev, burned to death. Evidently Harald,who had grown up in her father's household, had dared to behave toofreely towards the recently widowed queen. Harald's son later became theking of Norway, Olav den Hellige. The real Sigrid is a rather mysteriousperson, and it can not be said with absolute certainty that following thedeath of Erik, she was ever really married to Svend Tveskæg, the king ofDenmark.

According to legend King Olav Trygvesen of Norway was a christianconvert, and it seems that he took exception to the fact that Sigridstill honoured the old nordic gods. It is told that during a disputeover this Olav slapped Sigrid across the face. For this insult againsther person Sigrid sought revenge, and inflamed her husband, SvendTveskæg, and his son Knud to war against the Norwegian monarch. Olavfell at the battle of the Svold in September of 1000. The Svold,according to Icelandic tradition, is the narrow strait between the islandof Rügen and Pommerania in northern Germany; however, according to Adamvon Bremen the battle took place further north in the Sound betweenSealand and Sweden.

Sources: "Vikingatågen och runstenarna" by Åke Ohlmark, 1981, page 36;and "Dansk Biografisk Håndleksikon" by Dahl & Engelstoft, 1920-26.

This database researched and compiled by Norman Lee Madsen, Toronto,Ontario, copyright 2006.

Styrbjörn blev gift med Thyra Haraldsdatter cirka 975. Thyra (datter af Harald I Blaatand _____) blev født cirka 955 i Danmark; døde den 18 sep. 1000 i Norge. [Gruppeskema] [Familietavle]

Andre Begivenheder og Egenskaber:

• Ane-nr.: G1

Andre Begivenheder og Egenskaber:

• Ane-nr.: G1 d-note

Notater:

It is unlikely that Harald's nickname "Blaatand" is connected to histeeth, as the oldest known version of his name is "Blatan" - but nobodyseems to know its meaning. According to "Nachkommen Gorms des Alten" (S.Otto Brenner, 1978) was first married to Gunhild (-965-) and second toTove (-970-); the mother(s) of Harald's children are uncertain.

Adam of Bremen wrote that Harald reigned for 50 years, but perhaps thiswas just his way of saying "many". Harald conquered Norway in 960, andthus became the King of both Denmark and Norway. The Roskilde Chroniclestell that Harald reigned for 15 years together with his father, Gorm; andalso relate a story about Bishop Poppo carrying red-hot iron withoutburning his fingers, and thus convincing Harald of Christ's superiorstrength over the old Norse gods, Odin and Thor. After which, circa 965,Harald decided to be baptized as a Christian. This story became widelytold, and can be seen depicted on church frescoes all over Europe. In965 the Holy Roman Emperor Otto the Great granted tax exemptions to hisbishops in Schleswig, Ribe, and Aarhus - which could be interpreted asmeaning that he had transferred them to Harald.

The third addition to the embankment of the Viking fortress of Dannevirkeis dated to 968, and thus must have been done during Harald's reign. Hewas also responsible for the construction of other Viking fortresses:Trelleborg in 980-981, and also of Fyrkat, and probably also ofAggersborg in Skåne. He also had constructed a bridge, calledRavningbro, across the inlet at Vejle in 979. That he could undertakesuch massive construction projects attests to his having a strong andunited command over the population.

According to the annals, Harald - referred to as Duke (Hertug) - paid histaxes to Emperor Otto in 973. Otto died that same year, and since theDuke of Saxony, Herman Billung, had also just recently died, Haralddecided in 974 now was the time to wage a war to free Denmark from theoverlordship of the Germanic empire. The resulting war can be foundchronicalled in several annals, and in Snorri's "Heimskringla", whichtell of heavy battles at Dannevirke, ending with Danish defeat. Haraldnow has to pay taxes to Emperor Otto II, and the southern part ofSchleswig (from Dannevirke to the the Eider River) becomes part of Saxony.

In 982 Otto II suffered a defeat at the hands of the arabs, and both theSlavs and the Danes rebelled, trying to free themselves from the Germanicempire. Harald took back the land he had lost in 974, and refused to payany further taxes to the Germans. However the peace treaty, in which theEmperor relinquish Hedeby and the land north of the Eider, was not signeduntil the time of Harald's grandson, Knud den Store, circa 1025. Haraldhad fortified a fortress in Poland, called Jomsborg, against attacks fromthe Vends. In 975 his forces stationed at Jomsborg suffered a defeat atHjørungavåg and as a result he lost control of Norway.

On a Rune-stone located in what is now the Jelling churchyard is carvedthe following inscription in old Norse:

(Translated to modern Danish:)
"Harald Konge bød gioere kumler disse efter Gorm fader sin og efter Thyramoder sin, den Harald som sig vandt hele Danmark og Norge og gjordedanerne kristne."

(Translated to English:)
"King Harald raised these Rune-stones to honour his father Gorm and hismother Thyra, the Harald who won all of Denmark and Norway, and made theDanes christians."

The text on Harald's Jelling-stone ends with (but may have been addedlater): "the Harald who won all of Denmark and Norway". However, theFrankish annals tell us that Denmark was a complete country long beforeGorm and Harald. Skåne, Jylland, and the islands in-between, had beenruled by the same king now and then, for instance: under King Godfred inthe early 800s. By 811-813 the Danish kingdom encompassed an area from:the Eider River in the south, to Skåne in the east, to Vestfold (OsloFjord) in the north. Also, the travelogues of Attar and Wulfstan fromthe end of the 800s tell of a Denmark consisting of: Oslo Fjord, theprovinces of Bohus, Halland and Skåne, the Danish islands, and Jyllandpeninsula down to the Eider River; at that time Blekinge belonged toSweden, and Bornholm had its own king. But it would be safe to say it isonly from the time of Harald that the kingdom of Denmark seems to havebecome a stabile entity.

So there is no reason to believe that either Gorm or Harald gatheredtogether several small kingdoms into one country known as Denmark. Thetext from Harald's Jelling-stone could be interpreted as meaning: "theHarald who recovered for himself Denmark and Norway". There is somecircumstantial evidence that Gorm lost Skåne and Norway, as well as hislife, in 958 and that what Harald accomplished was merely a re-conquest.But the standard explanation is that Harald held the lands from thebeginning, and that what he won was merely the area around Haithabu, in983, which he had first lost to Emperor Otto II.

Harald's son Svend Tveskæg led an uprising against his father in 986.During a battle Harald was wounded, and is said to have fled toJomsburg. It is recorded that he hid in a little town named variouslyas: Iumne, Julin, Hyumsburgh, Iumneta, Vineta, which today is known asWolin, and is located on the eastern outflow of the Oder River. A listof names to be prayed for tells us that he probably died on November 1,986 or 987.

(Sources: "Det danske Rige i den ældre Vikingetid", Erik Kroman, 1976,pages 115-123; "Da klinger i Muld", Steen Hvass and Birger Storgaard,1993; "Ottar og Wulfstan", Niels Lund, 1983.)

This database researched and compiled by Norman Lee Madsen, Toronto,Ontario, copyright 2006.

Andre Begivenheder og Egenskaber:

• Beskæftigelse: Viking Chief in Sverige
• Ane-nr.: G1 d-note

Notater:

Ifølge Snorre var Skogul Toste den mægtigste og mest lysende af alle deri landet som ikke bar fyrstenavn, han var den største kriger og lå længei viking. I 991 ledede han den store svenske hær (anslået 25.000 mand)som slog englænderne (angelsakserne) ved Maeldun (Maldon) og indkasseredeen 'danegæld' på 10.000 pund sølv (ca 5 tons). I den angelsaksiskekrønike kaldes han Iustin. Han nævnes på en svensk runesten over Ulf iBårresta, og muligvis står hans egen sten (sat over ham selv af ham selv)i Råsbo i det NV-lige Uppland.

(Kilde: Åke Ohlmarks: Vikingatågen och runstenarna. 1981. s 37)
(Kilde: Dahl & Engelstoft: Dansk Biografisk Håndleksikon. 1920-26)

Fra Steen Thomsens database dec 1997